Vídeo | How humanity got hooked on coffee
Certo dia, por volta do ano 850 d.C., um pastor de cabras observou que suas cabras começaram a agir de maneira anormal após mordiscarem algumas bagas. O pastor experimentou-as ele mesmo e, em pouco tempo, estava tão agitado quanto elas. Segundo a história, esse foi o primeiro encontro da humanidade com o café. Então, como o café passou de uma planta modesta para uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo? Jonathan Morris rastreia a história desse elixir energizante.
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| One day around 850 CE, a goatherd named Kaldi observed that, after nibbling on some berries, his goats started acting abnormally. | Certo dia, por volta de 850 d.C., um pastor de cabras chamado Kaldi observou que, após mastigar algumas bagas, suas cabras começaram a agir de maneira anormal. |
| Kaldi tried them himself, and soon enough he was just as hyper. | Kaldi experimentou-as ele mesmo, e logo estava tão hiperativo quanto elas. |
| This was humanity’s first run-in with coffee— or so the story goes. | Essa foi a primeira interação da humanidade com o café — ou, pelo menos, assim diz a história. |
| When exactly people began consuming coffee is unclear— but at some point before the 1400s, in what’s now Ethiopia, people began foraging for wild coffee in the forest undergrowth. | Não está claro quando exatamente as pessoas começaram a consumir café — mas, em algum momento antes dos anos 1400, no que é hoje a Etiópia, as pessoas começaram a forragear café selvagem no sub-bosque da floresta. |
| The reason coffee plants are equipped with lots of caffeine might be because it makes them unattractive to herbivores or more attractive to pollinators. | A razão pela qual as plantas de café são equipadas com bastante cafeína pode ser porque isso as torna pouco atraentes para herbívoros ou mais atraentes para polinizadores. |
| But either way, people caught on to coffee’s advantages and began making tea from its leaves; combining its berries with butter and salt for a sustaining snack; and drying, roasting, and simmering its cherries into an energizing elixir. | De qualquer forma, as pessoas perceberam as vantagens do café e começaram a fazer chá de suas folhas; combinando suas bagas com manteiga e sal para um lanche sustentável; e secando, torrando e fervendo suas cerejas em um elixir energizante. |
| Coffee rode trade routes into the Middle East, and its widespread popularity began brewing in earnest in the 1450s. | O café percorreu rotas comerciais até o Oriente Médio, e sua popularidade generalizada começou a aumentar seriamente nos anos 1450. |
| Upon returning from a visit to Ethiopia, a Sufi leader recommended that worshippers in Yemen use coffee during ritual chants and dances. | Após retornar de uma visita à Etiópia, um líder Sufi recomendou que os adoradores no Iêmen usassem café durante cantos e danças rituais. |
| Soon enough, people within the Ottoman Empire began roasting and grinding the beans to yield a darker, bolder beverage. | Logo, as pessoas dentro do Império Otomano começaram a torrar e moer os grãos para produzir uma bebida mais escura e encorpada. |
| Many gathered in guesthouses and outside mosques to partake in coffee’s comforts. | Muitos se reuniam em hospedarias e fora das mesquitas para compartilhar o conforto do café. |
| But authorities grew concerned about whether coffee’s influence was innocent or intoxicating, and if Muslims should be allowed to drink it. | Mas as autoridades ficaram preocupadas se a influência do café era inocente ou intoxicante, e se os muçulmanos deveriam ser autorizados a bebê-lo. |
| Indeed, in 1511, a religious court in Mecca put coffee on trial. | De fato, em 1511, um tribunal religioso em Meca colocou o café em julgamento. |
| Scholars finally deemed it permissible, so coffeehouses sprang up in Damascus, Istanbul, and beyond, where clientele could sip coffee, smoke, and enjoy a variety of entertainment. | Os estudiosos finalmente o consideraram permitido, então as cafeterias surgiram em Damasco, Istambul e além, onde os clientes podiam saborear café, fumar e desfrutar de uma variedade de entretenimentos. |
| By the late 1500s, people in Yemen were farming coffee and exporting it from the port of Al-Makha, which became known in other parts of the world as Mocha. | No final dos anos 1500, as pessoas no Iêmen estavam cultivando café e exportando-o a partir do porto de Al-Makha, que ficou conhecido em outras partes do mundo como Mocha. |
| But coffee was eventually transported— or smuggled— into India, and soon took root in Java and beyond. | Mas o café foi eventualmente transportado — ou contrabandeado — para a Índia, e logo se enraizou em Java e além. |
| Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire introduced the stimulating substance to Europe. | Enquanto isso, o Império Otomano introduziu a substância estimulante na Europa. |
| Central London’s first coffeehouses opened in the 1650s. | As primeiras cafeterias de Londres central abriram nos anos 1650. |
| By 1663 there were more than 80. | Até 1663, havia mais de 80. |
| And despite King Charles II’s attempt to ban them in 1675, coffeehouses kept simmering as social and intellectual hotbeds. | E, apesar da tentativa do Rei Charles II de proibi-las em 1675, as cafeterias continuaram fervilhando como centros sociais e intelectuais. |
| In 1679, for instance, patrons of Garraway’s coffeehouse had the pleasure of watching Robert Hooke, the scientist who coined the term “cell,” publicly dissect a porpoise. | Em 1679, por exemplo, os frequentadores da cafeteria Garraway tiveram o prazer de assistir Robert Hooke, o cientista que cunhou o termo "célula", dissecar publicamente um golfinho. |
| In France, people began mixing coffee with milk and sugar. | Na França, as pessoas começaram a misturar café com leite e açúcar. |
| And throughout the 1700s, Paris’ coffeehouses hosted Enlightenment figures like Diderot and Voltaire, who allegedly drank 50 cups of coffee a day. | E, ao longo dos anos 1700, as cafeterias de Paris hospedaram figuras do Iluminismo como Diderot e Voltaire, que supostamente bebiam 50 xícaras de café por dia. |
| Granted, these were likely small servings of comparatively weak coffee— but still, impressive. | Claro, essas eram provavelmente pequenas porções de café comparativamente fraco — mas ainda assim, impressionante. |
| Meanwhile, European empires began profiting off coffee-growing, establishing enslaved or exploited workforces in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. | Enquanto isso, os impérios europeus começaram a lucrar com o cultivo de café, estabelecendo forças de trabalho escravizadas ou exploradas na Ásia, América Latina e Caribe. |
| As cultivation boomed in Latin America, fueled by slavery, growers displaced Indigenous populations and burned forests to establish ever-expanding plantations. | À medida que o cultivo aumentava na América Latina, impulsionado pela escravidão, os produtores deslocavam populações indígenas e queimavam florestas para estabelecer plantações cada vez maiores. |
| By 1906, Brazil was exporting over 80% of the world’s coffee. | Até 1906, o Brasil estava exportando mais de 80% do café do mundo. |
| That same year, the Milan World’s Fair showcased the first commercial espresso machine. | Nesse mesmo ano, a Feira Mundial de Milão apresentou a primeira máquina de café expresso comercial. |
| And alongside the development of industrial roasting equipment came various coffee brands. | E, junto com o desenvolvimento de equipamentos industriais de torrefação, surgiram várias marcas de café. |
| By the mid-1950s, about 60% of US factories incorporated coffee breaks. | Até meados dos anos 1950, cerca de 60% das fábricas dos EUA incorporavam pausas para o café. |
| As African countries cut colonial ties, many ramped up coffee production. | À medida que os países africanos cortavam laços coloniais, muitos aumentavam a produção de café. |
| And coffee drinking also later made inroads in East Asia, especially as canned, pre-prepared beverages. | E o consumo de café também fez incursões no Leste Asiático, especialmente como bebidas enlatadas, pré-preparadas. |
| In more recent decades, specialty coffees with an emphasis on quality beans and brewing methods grew popular and propelled farms in Central America and East Africa. | Nas décadas mais recentes, os cafés especiais, com ênfase em grãos de qualidade e métodos de preparo, ganharam popularidade e impulsionaram fazendas na América Central e no Leste da África. |
| Yet coffee workers worldwide continued to endure inhumane conditions and insufficient compensation. | No entanto, trabalhadores do café em todo o mundo continuaram a suportar condições desumanas e compensação insuficiente. |
| This motivated certification efforts for coffee production that met ethical standards, including minimum wage and sustainable farming. | Isso motivou esforços de certificação para a produção de café que atendesse a padrões éticos, incluindo salário mínimo e agricultura sustentável. |
| But issues still loom over the industry. | Mas questões ainda pairam sobre a indústria. |
| And because of climate change, the equatorial “Bean Belt” where coffee thrives is projected to shrink in upcoming decades. | E, por causa das mudanças climáticas, o "Cinturão do Café" equatorial, onde o café prospera, está projetado para encolher nas próximas décadas. |
| It’s unclear exactly what this might look like. | Não está claro exatamente como isso pode parecer. |
| But scientists are investigating possibilities like resilient coffee hybrids that might help weather the unpredictable future— all to protect the beverage that’s become a cherished part of daily rituals worldwide. | Mas cientistas estão investigando possibilidades como híbridos de café resilientes que possam ajudar a enfrentar o futuro imprevisível — tudo para proteger a bebida que se tornou uma parte querida dos rituais diários em todo o mundo. |
Contagem de palavras
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| Freq. | Palavra | Freq. | Palavra | Freq. | Palavra |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | and | 28 | the | 26 | coffee |
| 24 | in | 18 | s | 13 | to |
| 13 | of | 10 | a | 7 | but |
| 7 | began | 6 | that | 6 | people |
| 6 | as | 5 | with | 5 | was |
| 5 | or | 5 | it | 5 | by |
| 4 | on | 4 | its | 4 | for |
| 4 | coffeehouses | 3 | world | 3 | were |
| 3 | this | 3 | them | 3 | soon |
| 3 | roasting | 3 | more | 3 | might |
| 3 | like | 3 | into | 3 | from |
| 3 | first | 3 | east | 3 | america |
| 2 | yemen | 2 | worldwide | 2 | who |
| 2 | where | 2 | what | 2 | up |
| 2 | unclear | 2 | still | 2 | some |
| 2 | so | 2 | simmering | 2 | production |
| 2 | over | 2 | ottoman | 2 | meanwhile |
| 2 | many | 2 | latin | 2 | kaldi |
| 2 | is | 2 | grew | 2 | farming |
| 2 | exporting | 2 | exactly | 2 | ethiopia |
| 2 | enough | 2 | empire | 2 | decades |
| 2 | day | 2 | central | 2 | brewing |
| 2 | beyond | 2 | beverage | 2 | berries |
| 2 | because | 2 | beans | 2 | be |
| 2 | asia | 2 | are | 2 | an |
| 2 | about | 1 | yield | 1 | yet |
| 1 | year | 1 | worshippers | 1 | workforces |
| 1 | workers | 1 | within | 1 | wild |
| 1 | widespread | 1 | which | 1 | whether |
| 1 | when | 1 | weather | 1 | weak |
| 1 | way | 1 | watching | 1 | wage |
| 1 | voltaire | 1 | visit | 1 | various |
| 1 | variety | 1 | use | 1 | us |
| 1 | upon | 1 | upcoming | 1 | unpredictable |
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| 1 | trial | 1 | transported | 1 | trade |
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| 1 | thrives | 1 | these | 1 | there |
| 1 | than | 1 | term | 1 | tea |
| 1 | sustaining | 1 | sustainable | 1 | sugar |
| 1 | sufi | 1 | substance | 1 | story |
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| 1 | look | 1 | london | 1 | likely |
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| 1 | late | 1 | known | 1 | king |
| 1 | kept | 1 | just | 1 | java |
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| 1 | caribbean | 1 | canned | 1 | came |
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| 1 | alongside | 1 | allowed | 1 | allegedly |
| 1 | all | 1 | al | 1 | after |
| 1 | african | 1 | africa | 1 | advantages |
| 1 | acting | 1 | abnormally |
